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{{Infobox Former Country|native_name = Xacitaxan¹ Xanlığı
Хаҗитархан² Ханлыгы|conventional_long_name = Khanate of Astrakhan³|common_name = Astrakhan|continent = Europe|region = Eastern Europe|year_start = 1460s|year_end = 1556|date_start =|date_end =|event_start =|event_end =|p1 = Golden Horde|flag_p1= Golden Horde.gif|s1 = Grand Duchy of Moscow|image_s1= |image_flag =|image_coat =|image_map =Astrakhan Khanate map.svg|image_map_caption = Astrakhan Khanate in 1466-1556|religion= Sunni Islam|capital = Xacitarxan|leader1 = [Maxmud of Astrakhan|year_leader1 = First|leader2 = Darwish Ghali II of Astrakhan|year_leader2 = Last|common_languages=
Tatar language&sup4;,
Nogai language|currency =|footnotes= ¹ Ästerxan
² Әстерхан
³ Xacitarxan (Khajitarkhan)
&sup4; Astrakhan dialect-->
The
Khanate of Astrakhan (
Xacitarxan Khanate) was a
Tatar feudal state that appeared after the collapse of the Golden Horde. The Khanate existed in the
15th century and
16th century centuries in the area adjacent to the mouth of the
Volga river, where the contemporary city of Astrakhan is now located.
The Khanate was established in the 1460s by Mäxmüd of Astrakhan. The capital was the city of
Xacítarxan, also known Astrakhan in Russian chronicles. Its territory included the Lower
Volga valley and the Volga Delta, including most of what is now Astrakhan Oblast and the steppeland on the right bank of Volga in what is now Kalmykia. The North-Western Caspian seaside was a southern boundary and the Crimean Khanate bounded Astrakhan on the west.
Before the Khanate
The area surrounding the lower Volga was populated by various Turkic peoples tribes since at least the
5th century AD. Following the invasion of
Mongol invasion tribes from the east and the splintering of their empire, the area came under the rule of the Golden Horde. This empire, too, was wracked by civil war, and the semi-independent Astrakhan Khanate was established by Qasim I around
1466. Its location at the mouth of the Volga, straddling important trade routes, allowed it to accumulate significant wealth, but also attracted the attention of neighbouring states and
nomadic tribes, subjecting the khanate to numerous invasions.
Meñli I Giray, the khan of the Crimean Khanate who had destroyed the
Big Horde's capital of
Sarai (city) caused significant destruction to the khanate.
Demography and society
Most of the population of the Astrakhan khanate were sedentary Tatars#Astrakhan Tatars and nomadic Nogays. The Nogays mostly engaged in cattle-breeding, while the Tatars were primarily farmers, tradesmen and craftsmen. Merchants carried on a transit trade between
Muscovy, Khanate of Kazan, Crimean Khanate
Central Asia, and the
Transcaucasus region.
The nobility consisted of feudal ranks, which were, from highest to lowest: the khan, sultans, begs and morzalar. The rest of the population were known as
qara xalıq,
black people - the standard Turkic designation for commoners. The state religion was Islam.
History
In the 1530s Astrakhan cooperated with the Crimean Khanate and the
Nogay Horde in a campaign against Russia. Later, Astrakhan was involved in conflicts against its erstwhile Tatar allies. In
1552 Tsar
Ivan IV of Russia, better known as Ivan the Terrible, captured Kazan; shortly thereafter a pro-Muscovite party took power in Astrakhan.
Ivan dispatched soldiers to Astrakhan, establishing
Darwish Khan as a vassal ruler of the Astrakhan Khanate in 1554. Pro-muscovite nobles and Nogay tribesmen supported Russian forces occupying Astrakhan. After the threat of Crimean raid against Astrakhan had subsided, Darwish Khan conspired with the Crimean Khanate to drive the
Russians out of the region. Ivan IV sent Russian
Strelets and
Cossack armies, who conquered and annexed the region in
1556. Xacitarxan was besieged, burned; the khanate was adsorbed by Russians and abolished. Darwish Khan escaped to the castle of Azov. After the fall of khanate, Tatars were attacked by Kalmyks, that displaced Nogai nomads.
Many Nogay were transplanted in Kazakhstan and
Daghestan. However, approximately 70,000 Astrakhan Tatars still live in
Astrakhan Oblast.
The capital of the khanate was
Xacitarxan (or
Khadjitarkhan), located about 12 km from modern Astrakhan.
See also
External links
- Brief History of Astrakhan
{{Infobox Former Country|native_name = Xacitaxan¹ Xanlığı
Хаҗитархан² Ханлыгы|conventional_long_name = Khanate of Astrakhan³|common_name = Astrakhan|continent = Europe|region = Eastern Europe|year_start = 1460s|year_end = 1556|date_start =|date_end =|event_start =|event_end =|p1 = Golden Horde|flag_p1= Golden Horde.gif|s1 = Grand Duchy of Moscow|image_s1= |image_flag =|image_coat =|image_map =Astrakhan Khanate map.svg|image_map_caption = Astrakhan Khanate in 1466-1556|religion= Sunni Islam|capital = Xacitarxan|leader1 = [Maxmud of Astrakhan|year_leader1 = First|leader2 =
Darwish Ghali II of Astrakhan|year_leader2 = Last|common_languages=
Tatar language&sup4;,
Nogai language|currency =|footnotes= ¹ Ästerxan
² Әстерхан
³ Xacitarxan (Khajitarkhan)
&sup4; Astrakhan dialect-->
The
Khanate of Astrakhan (
Xacitarxan Khanate) was a Tatar
feudal state that appeared after the collapse of the Golden Horde. The Khanate existed in the 15th century and
16th century centuries in the area adjacent to the mouth of the
Volga river, where the contemporary city of
Astrakhan is now located.
The Khanate was established in the 1460s by
Mäxmüd of Astrakhan. The capital was the city of Xacítarxan, also known Astrakhan in
Russian chronicles. Its territory included the Lower Volga valley and the Volga Delta, including most of what is now Astrakhan Oblast and the
steppeland on the right bank of Volga in what is now Kalmykia. The North-Western
Caspian seaside was a southern boundary and the
Crimean Khanate bounded Astrakhan on the west.
Before the Khanate
The area surrounding the lower Volga was populated by various Turkic peoples tribes since at least the
5th century AD. Following the invasion of Mongol invasion tribes from the east and the splintering of their empire, the area came under the rule of the
Golden Horde. This empire, too, was wracked by civil war, and the semi-independent Astrakhan Khanate was established by Qasim I around
1466. Its location at the mouth of the Volga, straddling important
trade routes, allowed it to accumulate significant wealth, but also attracted the attention of neighbouring states and nomadic tribes, subjecting the khanate to numerous invasions. Meñli I Giray, the khan of the
Crimean Khanate who had destroyed the
Big Horde's capital of
Sarai (city) caused significant destruction to the khanate.
Demography and society
Most of the population of the Astrakhan khanate were sedentary Tatars#Astrakhan Tatars and nomadic Nogays. The Nogays mostly engaged in cattle-breeding, while the Tatars were primarily farmers, tradesmen and craftsmen. Merchants carried on a transit trade between
Muscovy,
Khanate of Kazan,
Crimean Khanate Central Asia, and the Transcaucasus region.
The nobility consisted of feudal ranks, which were, from highest to lowest: the
khan,
sultans, begs and
morzalar. The rest of the population were known as
qara xalıq,
black people - the standard Turkic designation for commoners. The state religion was
Islam.
History
In the
1530s Astrakhan cooperated with the Crimean Khanate and the Nogay Horde in a campaign against Russia. Later, Astrakhan was involved in conflicts against its erstwhile Tatar allies. In 1552 Tsar
Ivan IV of Russia, better known as Ivan the Terrible, captured
Kazan; shortly thereafter a pro-Muscovite party took power in Astrakhan.
Ivan dispatched soldiers to Astrakhan, establishing
Darwish Khan as a
vassal ruler of the Astrakhan Khanate in
1554. Pro-muscovite nobles and Nogay tribesmen supported Russian forces occupying Astrakhan. After the threat of Crimean raid against Astrakhan had subsided, Darwish Khan conspired with the
Crimean Khanate to drive the
Russians out of the region. Ivan IV sent Russian
Strelets and Cossack armies, who conquered and annexed the region in
1556.
Xacitarxan was besieged, burned; the khanate was adsorbed by Russians and abolished. Darwish Khan escaped to the castle of Azov. After the fall of khanate, Tatars were attacked by Kalmyks, that displaced Nogai nomads.
Many Nogay were transplanted in Kazakhstan and Daghestan. However, approximately 70,000 Astrakhan Tatars still live in Astrakhan Oblast.
The capital of the khanate was
Xacitarxan (or
Khadjitarkhan), located about 12 km from modern Astrakhan.
See also
External links
- Brief History of Astrakhan
Astrakhan Khanate - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
The Khanate of Astrakhan (Xacitarxan Khanate) was a Tatar feudal state that appeared after the collapse of the Golden Horde. The Khanate existed in the 15th and 16th centuries in ...
Astrakhan definition of Astrakhan in the Free Online Encyclopedia.
The capital of the khanate of Astrakhan (see Tatars Tatars (tä`tərz) or Tartars..... Click the link for more information.) from the 1460s, it was conquered by Ivan the Terrible in ...
Image:Astrakhan Khanate.svg - Wikimedia Commons
File history. Click on a date/time to view the file as it appeared at that time.
Image:Astrakhan Khanate map.svg - Wikimedia Commons
Permission is granted to copy, distribute and/or modify this document under the terms of the GNU Free Documentation License, Version 1.2 or any later version published by the Free ...
INEX: Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia (Astrakhan Khanate)
Table of Contents. 1 Prehistory; 2 Demography and society; 3 History; 4 List of khans of astrakhan; 5 See also; 6 External links; The Khanate of Astrakhan ( Xacitarxan Khanate ...
astrakhan - definition of astrakhan by the Free Online Dictionary ...
as·tra·khan also as·tra·chan (s tr-k n, -k n) n. 1. The curly, wavy wool of young ... Astrakhan Khanate Astrakhan Oblast Astrakhan Province Astrakhan rebellion Astrakhan revolt
Astrakhan Khanate (1466-1557)
Astrakhan Khanate (1466-1557)
Astrakhan (oblast) - Hutchinson encyclopedia article about Astrakhan ...
Oblast (region) in the southwestern Russian Federation; area 44,100 sq km/17,027 ... Astrakhan Khanate Astrakhan Oblast Astrakhan Province: Astrakhan rebellion Astrakhan revolt
Astrakhan' - definition of Astrakhan' in the Medical dictionary - by ...
Astrakhan Khanate Astrakhan Oblast: Astrakhan Province Astrakhan rebellion Astrakhan revolt ... All content on this website, including dictionary, thesaurus, literature ...
Khanate of Astrakhan: Information from Answers.com
Khanate of Astrakhan The Khanate of Astrakhan was a tribal union of Sunni Muslim pastoral nomadic Turkic-speaking peoples, located in the lower Volga
